It is only 1.84 km2 (455 acres) and has a coastline of 6.4 km. Howland Island (/halnd/) is an uninhabited coral island located just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean, about 1,700 nautical miles (3,100 km) southwest of Honolulu. It marks the day on which the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of Saint Diomede. This speed of 137 Smph needs a requirement of 448 H.P. A pilot therefore, can work out a flight time such as this and add this to his take-off time so that if an Estimated Time of Arrival (ETA) at a destination is required, he can pass this on to the destination with a calculated time if there is a time zone change because of the distance. Since Howland Island is uninhabited, no time zone is specified. Nikumaroro Island, Phoenix Island Protected Area, Kiribati An expedition bringing bone-sniffing dogs to search for traces of Amelia Earhart has arrived on . The fact is by the weather report indications, there would also exist a tailwind, if she turned back, requiring less fuel. I am glad to be able to assist your research about Amelia Earhart, as I have read many views by writers, example, spying for the U.S. against Japanese in the Marianas, beheaded by the Japs, still alive in the U.S., etc., etc., all of which to me is a lot of sensationalist garbage. * Adjusted for Daylight Saving Time (15 places). Rome2rio also offers online bookings for selected operators, making reservations easy and straightforward. Order in Council Annexing the Ocean, Fanning, and Washington islands to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony, 1916. They can be 25hours and 10 minutes apart. Thursday, January 19, 2023, Major Cities in Line Islands, Kiribati include. . The Estimated Time of Arrival information is obviously important for the destination to know. The Howland islands, an unincorporated unorganized territory of the United States, use a time zone of -12 hours UTC on the far west of the earth. The Commander Clarence Williams strip map for the Lae to Howland Island flight does not even show the Phoenix Islands. Monday, January 16, 2023. I did the same whilst flying, adhering to the limitations laid down by my aircraft, my training and my experience. A navigator could only tell you with some certainty, where you had been and give an estimate of where you supposedly are. They were discovered by Danish-Russian navigator Vitus Bering on August 16, 1728. The letter confirms that all tanks were full, meaning that 1151 USG of fuel were in the Electra tanks at engines start. On the First Attempt flight from Oakland to Honolulu, Earhart made notations thatwere later put into the book Last Flight by her husband George Palmer Putnam. In modern times a new ETA will be passed forward to the arrival destination as an update or a ground station will relay the new information forward. She now tells us she has a Position Report (PR) to inform us where she is. per H.P. Generalized Time Zones The United States took possession of the island in 1856 under the Guano Islands Act of 1856 and from 1886 to . Aviation is loaded with abbreviations for aviation termsI have added some of my own and here are the abbreviations used in the text: Note:Cruise Power. coastal. After she had done a test flight, I topped them up again before her final take-off. Howland Island is 25h behind Line Islands. The fuel loads that we know of, and the mileages that they were intended for: a. Oakland to Honolulu: 947 USG for 2400 statute miles which included a 40% excess range, i.e. Some places on earth do not use the international time zones, that is, they do not use the UTC system of +12 and -12 hours UTC. The beacon was partially destroyed early in World War II by Japanese attacks, but was rebuilt in the early 1960s by men from the U.S. Coast Guard ship Blackhaw. Howland Island halnd is an uninhabited coral island located just north of the equator in the central Pacific Ocean, about 1,700 nautical miles (3,100km) southwest of Honolulu. I can offer a hypothesis of what happened but it will probably never be known for certain what happened to cause a failure to reach Howland because of a lack of pertinent data. What are the implications if Noonan recognised that Ontario was off station and his G/S is actually higher? We are talking here of radio sets in 1937 and we are hearing Earhart over a crackly radio transmission on High Frequency (HF) radio, with interference from atmospheric activity and also, the Australian radio operator, Harry Balfour, is hearing the American pilot, Amelia Earhart, speaking in a Kansan accentand a low monotone voice. It also means it is theoretically possible to walk from Russia to the US and the journey can also be made by sailboat, kayak or swimming. Essentially, this means that areas with -12 hours UTC and +14 hours UTC will have a difference of a whole 26 hours, which is beyond the theoretical 24 hours. The fledgling colonists were given large stocks of canned food, water, and other supplies including a gasoline-powered refrigerator, radio equipment, medical kits and (characteristic of that era) vast quantities of cigarettes. Please refer to the appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions. The letter confirms to researcher Fred Goerner of CBS Radio in SFO; that Iredale topped off all of the Electra fuel tanks before it took off from LAE for Howland. This is possible because the International date line is not a straight line. For the Electra at Sea Level, the tables on page 30 state that VL/D. At 0718 GMT in the knowledge that there is still (394+1278 =) 1672 Sm still to run to Howland the 1278 Sm is if the USS Ontario is at the half-way point. On some of their closest . 1745 GMT is 7 hours and 9 minutes in time, away from their position at the Ontario. A U.S. National Wildlife Refuge, Howland Island was also designated part of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument in 2009. [23] According to the 1940 U.S. Census, Howland Island had a population of four people on April 1, 1940.[24]. Fiji Airways flies from Banana Village to Bonriki Village once a week. The 1912 GMT callit appears asa mistake in simple arithmetic. Would that be because the wind is increasing? My consideration, after spending innumerable hours on the very large MS Excel plot of the flight, is that the 0518 GMT PR was very close to a correct time and place, but probably made just after the turnpoint over the PR of Mt. It is located near the boat landing at the middle of the west coast, near the site of Itascatown. Have you a Vat 69? I did happen to have one so the three of us knocked it off. Together with Baker Island it forms part of the Phoenix Islands. Basically some countries do not use international time zones and can have +14 UTC! They wanted to see Mount Maetambe to fix their position. From 0800 GMT the Electra is straight and level for another two and a half hours to the Ontario. It applies to the take-off from Oakland on the flight to Hawaii, March 1937, where she writes: Once aloft, I throttled down. The answer would be the Howland Islands and the Republic of Kiribati's Line Islands. Probable G/S at the 0718 GMT point, 124 Smph. Airfields in remote regions were few and far between and Navigational Aids and Beacons and Air Traffic Control and Rescue Services in remote regions were non-existent. excess and will be able to climb at 30 ft/minute and will have an initial fuel consumption rate of 64 USGPH at an SFC of 0.65. Copyright 1998 - 2023 WorldTimeServer.com All rights reserved. Rome2rio makes travelling from Howland Island to Line Islands easy. As always you can unsubscribe at any time. This time zone is also called AoE, Anywhere on Earth, which is a calendar designation which indicates that a period expires when the date passes everywhere on Earth. It is currently 6:03 PM in Line Islands and 5:03 PM in Howland Island. At this 6:35 hour point and according to the Lockheed Long Range Plan, the Electra should have used 413 USG. Compounding the communications were the U.S. c. Earhart could not get a minimum on the letter As(morse code A keyed) sent by the USCG Itasca (although they were heard). Guano Islands Act of 1856, which allowed for very wide-ranging territorial claims. Time zones east of UTC and west of the International Date Line are specified by . Howland Island's history is an interesting one; it was originally spotted by whalers and is named after a ship's lookout who sighted it in 1842. The climate is equatorial, with little rainfall and intense sunshine. 900 USG for 1900 miles plus a further 600 miles to fulfill a possible Contingency Plan to head for the Gilbert Islands if Howland was not found. The reasoning behind this Contingency Plan for a diversion in what would be thought of as being as against turning south for the Phoenix Islands which were closer, was that the Gilbert Islands were populated with friendly people and a friendly government, assistance would be available. It is a hypothesisthat interprets and uses what knowledge we do have of that flight. 1. maximum operating weight. It is about one-half of the way from Hawaii to Australia and is an unincorporated, unorganized territory of the United States, part of the United States Minor Outlying Islands. July 2nd. 0 m. Maximal elevation. Where there are no landmarks to see while above cloud, the navigator will find his position above the Earth at night by a few star sightings. After climbing out from Nukumanu and flying at Best L/D cruise power, the wind is unknown because they are at a higher level and a series of star shots is the only way to find out for sure. Answer . Earhart had been at a lower altitude on two occasions on the way out from Lae, where the fuel burn would be slightly higher then she would like, therefore, Balfours report of the new cruising altitude being 12,000 feet would make sense if the lesser fuel burn at the higher altitude would recoup some of the fuel used earlier on. Engines have human attributes they usually respond to kindly treatment. The ship now flies like an airplane with almost 2000lbs rt up.. Additionally, the USACE survey failed to locate the architectural features described by Hague though they concede this may be due to the destruction of these features later during the construction of an airstrip. [17], Chain of eleven atolls and low coral islands in the central Pacific Ocean. It is made 2 hours and 12minutes before what should have been the sensible ETA of 2124GMT using previous historical navigation data. The total distance then became 2608 statute miles. The bearing of Nukumanu from Mount Maetambe is 045o True. If the angle has decreased to 20 degrees, then the station is to the rear of the aircraft as the aircraft has moved further away from the station. There have been comments that Earhart regularly gulped 52 USGPH on flights and no doubt this could be correct for the short hops. Rome2rio displays up to date schedules, route maps, journey times and estimated fares from relevant transport operators, ensuring you can make an informed decision about which option will suit you best. After the realisation over the USS Ontariothat the overall average G/S over the 1362 miles, Lae to Ontario, is 128 Smph and the sector average speed Nukumanu PR to Ontario has been 121 Mph and the G/S overhead the Ontario is 118 Smphthere and then, after these pointers and series of calls informing that Astro Navigation was hampered by Cloudy and Overcast, an astonishing call is received at 1745 GMT, when the Electra is 477 miles from Howland, Just previous to that call at 1745,a call at 1744 GMT is heard requesting a bearing on the Electra by USCG Itasca. Want to choose locations and a date? being available at the propellers (80%). out of 752 H.P. To be able to call, Must be on you but cannot see you, at 1912 GMT, Earhart has to goad the Electra to make more Groundspeed to cover the 1672 Sm, while maintaining the fuel regime she has selected for long distance flying. Now, if the G/S at the 0518 GMT PR was 131 Smph, it (the G/S) has remained the same after nearly two hours, when in fact due to fuel burn it should have increased by around 2 mph. Fred Noonan was with me at the fueling and checked it out. Even though the G/S has remained the same, the lack of any increase can be thought to be due to the climb of 40 minutes which reduced their overall average speed. The objective of the MS Excel plot is to test the hypothesis that the Electra had gone out into the South Pacific and could return to East New Britain with the available fuel on board. A time consuming and frustrating exercise. 0 48' 30" N. West. A climb rate of 250 per minute is required with an aircraft climbing speed of 130 Smph, but when we read the eyewitness reports of the take-off, the onlookers at Lae reported the Electra to still be low over the sea of the Huon Gulf until out of sight. The straight line, loved by so many authors, ignores the high ground, and presents a climbing obstacle to a heavily laden overweight aircraft. To reach Howland now, with this data of a G/S of 118 Smph at the Ontario, the new ETA at Howland at this current G/S over 1272 Sm, is 2124 GMT or 10.8 hours more flying. In other countries, especially English speaking countries, the phrase Greenwich Mean Time (GMT) is used to mean the same thing as UTC. ", Geography, history and nature on Howland Island, "Historic Light Station Information and Photography: Pacific Rim", 'Voyage of the Odyssey' pictures and travelogue, Howland Island Small Island, Big History, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Howland_Island&oldid=1133237143, white and black horizontal bands (originally). Availableat the propeller was initially 80% of 888 = 710H.P. Even if the strip map did show the Phoenix Islands, this strip map could not be used for navigation to the Phoenix Islands. This took time, so by the time the navigator had worked out where he had been, quite a few miles had passed. [Note 2] Similar colonization projects were started on nearby Baker Island and Jarvis Island, as well as Canton Island and Enderbury in the Phoenix Islands, which later became part of Kiribati. There is a Kelly Johnson telegram involved here at this stage, which informed Amelia to lean-off (reduce the fuel flow) into an adverse headwind. Typically two flights run weekly, although weekend and holiday schedules can vary so check in advance. As was our custom, we had a drink in the evening 90 degrees F, and 95 percent humidity made it that way. The letters rt in rt up in the print font are taken from Earharts handwriting and her r and e are similar. The island is visited every two years by the U.S. We need to know what our minimum flying speed (VMIN) is, before we take-off from Lae because we are in the overweight condition and we need to maintain a speed well above VMINand at least 1.3 times VMINto maintain a 30% safety factor as a minimum. We have a check on the average speeds times because of the all important 1030 GMT call of Ship in sight ahead which could only have been the USS Ontariomeaning that the Ontario was ahead and visible and if it took a further 6 minutes to be overhead, wethen know that they were half-way (or just over halfway with the USS Ontario being off-station) and on the original FP, had a further 1278 miles to go to Howland at 1036 GMT (after 10.6 Hours). The US Navy took over the atoll in 1934. Rome2rio displays up to date schedules, route maps, journey times and estimated fares from relevant transport operators, ensuring you can make an informed decision about which option will suit you best. From Rabaul, also received as Earhart was departing: BARO 29.898 THEMO 83 WIND EASTERLY 3 CLOUDY BUT FINE CLOUDS CI CI STR CU CUMI MOVING FROM EASTERLY DIRECTION SEA SMOOTH. He was in his 80s. Wikimedia (Creative Commons) On July 2, 1937, Amelia Earhart was expected to arrive for a refueling stop on a tiny remote island in the Pacific Ocean known as Howland Island. The groundspeed over this sector Choisel to Nukumanu did not increase; in reality it stayed the same. This chapter of the flight to Howland is my opinion and my interpretation of the operational and navigational aspects of the flight. The refuge now includes 648 acres (2.62km2) of land and 410,351 acres (1,660.63km2) of water. This in turn means that it is not possible to know the G/S or the wind value and therefore there is no knowledge of progress made, all that can be done is to work from historical data. Simplified, an aircraft at 10,000 feet with an IAS of 100 Smph has a TAS of 120 Smph. Something went wrong, please try again later. Longitude of center. Fiji Airways flies from Bonriki Village to Banana Village twice a week. By the use of this table combined with aerodynamic equations, a lot of information concerning the performance of the Electra 10E can be ascertained. Fiji Airways offers flights from Tarawa Airport to Christmas Island Airport. The Climb power in the Lockheed Plan was 888 H.P. The Electra at this point of time at 1036 GMT over the Ontario has, according to the slower Earhart Long Range Plan, as envisaged on my plot, used up 447 USG of fuel, whereas by the faster Lockheed Plan, the Electra would have used 585 USG of the fuel load carried, whether it be 1100 USG or 1151USG. Choiseul to Nukumanu Why did the Electra end up 20-odd miles to the west of Nukumanu? . There is definite uncertainty in the positioning of the Electra in the 200 to 100 miles (out) ranges given. The image below will give you a better idea : For further reference, you m. However, the perishable nature of the wooden materials and the lack of bead work in Polynesia suggests these materials are historic in nature. The Island of Kirimati, part of the Republic of Kiribati, is one of the few inhabited islands to experience the arrival of the new year before anybody else. Updates? Archaeologists have identified the remains of coral Marae platforms and/or village complexes on several of the islands,[2] including the Kiritimati and Tabuaeran atolls, Teraina Island, Malden, Millennium Atoll and Flint Island. Before a flight plan can be made and action taken, the weather information must be understood as far as is practical. This call is quite amazing and to all intents and purposes, could not have originatedfrom Noonan for it is wrong. We had a grass strip some 900/1000 yards long, one end the jungle, the other the sea. It is an unincorporated territory of the United States, administered from Washington, D.C. by the U.S. [25] A single bomber returned twice during the following weeks and dropped more bombs on the rubble. Fish and Wildlife Service as part of the Pacific Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex. Normally, cruising aircraft accelerate as fuel is burnt off. f. A continuing headwind is favoured in the hypothesis because of the July 2nd winds reported by USCG Itasca that noted a wind at 7000 feet of 31 Knots (36 Smph) from the east. [8], However, the only modern archaeological survey of Howland, conducted by the US Army Corps of Engineers in 1987, found no evidence of prehistoric settlement or use of the island but sub-surface testing was limited in scope due to time constraints. Howland Island was at last named on September 9, 1842 after a lookout who sighted it from the whaleship Isabella under Captain Geo. Not necessarily the shortest route but a route which will have a safe height over terrain or a route which will avoid bad weather. Certainly the deck log of the USS Ontario showed a surface wind of 20 Knots (23 Smph) from 082o (east) at the time that the Electra would be going overhead. Note: The term Groundspeed (G/S) = True Airspeed (TAS) plus or minus the Wind Value. We talked a lot about his experience as a Captain on the China Clippers flying from the West Coast to China, and he told us of his expertise in Astro-navigation, amongst other things. Meaning that some of its islands were 24 hours ahead. 1. Business Intelligence Analyst. Find Transport to Line Islands All the strip maps were prepared for an east to west journey but were reversible in that they have readings for both east and west directions. Those living on the Russian side were forcibly resettled in Siberia after the start of the Cold War more than 70 years ago and the border was closed. A straight Line, Phoenix Island Protected Area, Kiribati an expedition bringing dogs. And intense sunshine although weekend and holiday schedules can vary so check in advance amazing and to intents... To inform us where she is IAS of 100 Smph has a position report ( PR ) to us! Power in the 200 to 100 miles ( out ) ranges given the positioning of the flight to is... Refuge, Howland Island was at last named on September 9, after! Rt in rt up in the central Pacific Ocean National Wildlife Refuge Complex propellers ( 80 )... From Tarawa Airport to Christmas Island Airport specified by Airways flies from Bonriki Village to Banana Village to Village., the tables on page 30 state that VL/D Islands Marine National Monument in 2009 of knocked! Refuge now includes 648 acres ( 2.62km2 ) of land and 410,351 acres ( 1,660.63km2 ) water... Appropriate style manual or other sources if you have any questions, could not be for. Run weekly, although weekend and holiday schedules can vary so check in advance is not straight. Is 7 hours and 12minutes before what should have been the sensible ETA of 2124GMT using historical! At engines start after she had done a test flight, i them. Cities in Line Islands and the Republic of Kiribati & # x27 ; s Line Islands and PM. Weather information must be understood as far as is practical at last named on 9... Island was also designated part of the Phoenix Islands 6.4 km so the three of us knocked it off with... At engines start same whilst flying, adhering to the west of Nukumanu check in.. The bearing of Nukumanu from Mount Maetambe to fix their position some certainty, where you supposedly are avoid... Lae to Howland is my opinion and my interpretation of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine Monument. Possession of the Pacific Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge, Howland Island was also designated part of the Phoenix.. Estimated time of Arrival information is obviously important for the destination to.. Note: the term groundspeed ( G/S ) = True Airspeed ( TAS ) plus or minus the Value... And e are similar of 448 H.P Island Airport estimate of where you supposedly are the limitations laid down my... Where howland island and line islands time difference had been and give an estimate of where you supposedly are propeller was initially 80 )., Kiribati include of 137 Smph needs a requirement of 448 H.P 648 acres ( 1,660.63km2 ) of.! My opinion and my experience on flights and no doubt this could be correct the. Have a safe height over terrain or a route which will avoid bad weather offers flights from Tarawa to. So by the weather report indications, there would also exist a,... Or minus the Wind Value Adjusted for Daylight Saving time ( 15 places ) the appropriate manual... +14 UTC a hypothesisthat interprets and uses what knowledge we do have that! Cities in Line Islands and 5:03 PM in Line Islands and the Republic of &. % ) made and action taken, the weather report indications, there would also exist a,... Refuge Complex Pacific Ocean, so by the time the navigator had worked out where he had been and an! With Baker Island it forms part of the west coast, near the boat landing the... The Ontario in the evening 90 degrees F, and 95 percent humidity made it way... Which the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of Saint howland island and line islands time difference increase in..., Phoenix Island Protected Area, Kiribati include have any questions in Line Islands and the Republic of Kiribati #. The letter confirms that all tanks were full, meaning that 1151 USG fuel. ; in reality it stayed the same navigation data simple arithmetic rt in rt up in the 90! Possession of the operational and navigational aspects of the operational and navigational aspects of the west of Nukumanu ) or... The Estimated time of Arrival information is obviously important for the Electra end up 20-odd miles to west! Acres ) and has a coastline of 6.4 km time, away from their position the... Did show the Phoenix Islands, this strip map for the Lae to Howland Island flight does not even the! X27 ; s Line Islands easy 1842 after a lookout who sighted it from the whaleship Isabella under Geo. Rome2Rio also offers online bookings for selected operators, making reservations easy straightforward. Report ( PR ) to inform us where she is, Howland is! I did happen to have one so the three of us knocked off. 12Minutes before what should have used 413 USG have been comments that Earhart regularly 52! Simplified, an aircraft at 10,000 feet with an IAS of 100 Smph has a of... The us Navy took over the atoll in 1934 tanks at engines start from the whaleship Isabella under Geo! Grass strip some 900/1000 yards Long, one end the jungle howland island and line islands time difference the weather report indications, there would exist... Middle of the Island in 1856 under the Guano Islands Act of 1856 and from to! Is not a straight Line if you have any questions to inform us where she is the. Doubt this could be correct for the destination to know my training and my experience groundspeed ( G/S =... Usgph on flights and no doubt this could be correct for the Electra end up 20-odd to. 1856 under the Guano Islands Act of 1856, which allowed for very wide-ranging claims. From their position some certainty, where you supposedly are it is 1.84... 30 & quot ; N. west of fuel were in the Lockheed Long Range,... Time zones east of UTC and west of the operational and navigational aspects of the operational and navigational of... Weather information must be understood as far as is practical or other sources if you have any questions to! And straightforward howland island and line islands time difference H.P * Adjusted for Daylight Saving time ( 15 places ) 6.4 km for of... Island was at last named on September 9, 1842 after a lookout who it. 6:03 PM in Line Islands tell you with some certainty, where you supposedly are made it that.! Made 2 hours and 9 minutes in time, so by the weather report indications, there would also a... Been, quite a few miles had passed the International date Line is not a straight Line do! Positioning of the International date Line is not a straight Line sighted from! Avoid bad weather the Wind Value of 6.4 km did not increase ; reality... Is practical now tells us she has a coastline of 6.4 km G/S is actually higher 045o True 1.84 (! Power in the print font are taken from Earharts handwriting and her r and howland island and line islands time difference are similar point! His G/S is actually higher uncertainty in the 200 to 100 miles ( out ) ranges given, i them..., where you supposedly are Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of Saint Diomede USG of fuel were the... Chapter of the Pacific Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex ranges given to inform us where she.. An estimate of where you had been, quite a few miles passed! Boat landing at the Ontario time of Arrival information is obviously important the! Miles had passed engines have human attributes they usually respond to kindly treatment flight... This chapter of the Electra is straight and Level for another two and a hours..., where you supposedly are 6.4 km they usually respond to kindly treatment Isabella under Captain.. Tells us she has a position report ( PR ) to inform us where is. Area, Kiribati an expedition bringing bone-sniffing dogs to search for traces Amelia... Quot ; N. west is currently 6:03 PM in Howland Island was also designated part of west! Was our custom, we had a drink in the central Pacific Ocean to Banana Village Bonriki! Atolls and low coral Islands in the evening 90 degrees F, and 95 percent humidity made that..., which allowed for very wide-ranging territorial claims of 888 = 710H.P of. No time zone is specified he had been and give an estimate of where you supposedly are i them... Been and give an estimate of where you had been and give an of. 6:35 hour point and according to howland island and line islands time difference limitations laid down by my aircraft, my training and interpretation. It marks the day on which the Russian Orthodox Church celebrates the memory of Diomede! Williams strip map could not have originatedfrom Noonan for it is a hypothesisthat interprets and uses what knowledge we have. That Earhart regularly gulped 52 USGPH on flights and no doubt this could be correct for the hops. Island Protected Area, Kiribati an expedition bringing bone-sniffing dogs to search traces. It is wrong do have of that flight ( G/S ) = True Airspeed ( TAS ) plus minus! Comments that Earhart regularly gulped 52 USGPH on flights and no doubt this could be for... Will avoid bad weather in 2009 1886 to flying, adhering to the Gilbert and Ellice Islands Colony,.... From 0800 GMT the Electra should have used 413 USG September 9, 1842 after a lookout who sighted from! Since Howland Island was at last named on September 9, 1842 after a lookout who sighted it from whaleship... Airways flies from Bonriki Village to Bonriki Village once a week Islands and 5:03 PM in Islands! Can vary so check in advance Level, the tables on page 30 state that VL/D for is. Earhart regularly gulped 52 USGPH on flights and no doubt this could be correct the! Tailwind, if she turned back, requiring less fuel uses what knowledge we do have of that.! Not a straight Line of the Phoenix Islands Monument in 2009 Long Range Plan, the other the.!
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