Write these down before them so that they may be faithful to its design and follow all its regulations. The Babylonian context. Ezekiel is different. There is a thread of Jewish mysticism based on Ezekiels chariot or Merkabah. Its thought that Ezekiel describes a path of ascent into heavenly places to the throne of God. Prior to this time, Judah had been a vassal of the Assyrian empire, but the rapid decline of Assyria after c. 630 led Josiah to assert his independence and institute a religious reform stressing loyalty to Yahweh, the national God of Israel. The book of Daniel recounts timeless stories of heroes exhibiting unshakable faith and . Ezekiel was a priest and 30 years old at the time of his vision. Ezekiel or Ezechiel (/ z i k i l /; Hebrew: Yezql [j.zqel]; in the Septuagint written in Koin Greek: Iezekil [i..z.kiel]) is the central protagonist of the Book of Ezekiel in the Hebrew Bible.. Each creature is accompanied by a wheel. 3348 promise that God will be known through the restoration and spiritual renewal of Israel. Livable, A Tale of Trees: How Arboreal Theology Pervades the Bible. . Its a fitting prelude to a prophetic commission. [5] Now, in the book of Ezekiel, there is not much, if any, information on how Israel responded or how Ezekiel shared these prophecies. God's prophecy is emblazoned on a banderole held by putti: "Behold, I will cause breath to enter into you, and ye shall live; I will lay sinews upon you, and will bring up flesh upon you, and cover you with skin, and put breath into you, and ye shall live; and ye. The famous phrase wheels within wheels is tantalizingly vague. harmony in order to life, The Visions of Ezekiel. When Yahweh sends Israel into exile, he packs up and heads into exile with them. Another recurring theme is her redemption back into His protection and bountiful provision in the land of Israel. Ezekiel 1-33. Not as slaves, but having a real relationship with Him. Ezekiel sees a whirlwind fire storm (Ezekiel 1:4). Ezekiel's Vision--Glory of the Lord Ezekiel was a sixth century prophet. assignments. Wood engraving, published in 1886. ezekiel stock illustrations. In 597, following a rebellion against Babylon, Ezekiel was among the large group of Judeans taken into captivity by the Babylonians. Gods total sovereignty is also evident in his mobility. Get expert help in mere 10.Visions of the divine glory over the cherubim. Let us help you get a good grade on your paper. collected. 1:4). The physical restoration will take place. Copyright 2023 The Gospel Coalition, INC. All Rights Reserved. Sometimes it is hard to do all the work on your own. In the example of The Dry Bones Ezekiel prophesys to the bones, then prophesys to the actual Holy Spirit to breathe life into those dry bones. My dwelling place will be with them; I will be their God, and they will be My people. (37:2627). Jesus is. The Prophet Jeremiah: Hope, Peace, and Restoration, Elisha: the Hebrew Prophet of Love and Compassion, Malachi: The Most Mysterious of the Hebrew Prophets. A long passage with much detail, Ezekiel describes his first word from the Lord. [23] In Ezekiel the phrase describes God mounted on His throne-chariot as he departs from the Temple in chapters 111 and returns to what Marvin Sweeney describes as a portrayal of "the establishment of the new temple in Zion as YHWH returns to the temple, which then serves as the center for a new creation with the tribes of Israel arrayed around it" in chapters 4048. Its a remarkable rare occurrence in Scripture. Another important lesson, God really, really, REALLY loves His kids. 2) Life and Building in the Gospel of John (CWWL, 1959, vol. Order custom essay The Visions of Ezekiel In the Old Testament, God chose very specific people to give His message to Israel. 1:6) and four wings ( Ezek. [7] This particular study of Ezekiel has taught me of Gods heart for His nation. He asked them to do his work. Then they shall know that I am the Lord. (38:2223), Former Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu visited Russia as it beefed up its military presence in Syria. The Bible is, after all, a book has a prophetic vein running through it promising all of His people that one day He would return to save them from the evils of the earth and give them the gift of eternal life with Him. A Flemish enamel depicting Ezekiel 9, a vision in which those who grieved Israels sin had their foreheads marked in order to save them from Divine punishment for sins. The vision of the whirlwind. I will fall upon the quiet people who dwell securely, all of them dwelling without walls, and having no bars or gates, to seize spoil and carry off plunder [among] the people who were gathered from the nations., Bibles for Israel and the Messianic Bible Project, egathering and restoration of the Jewish People. He is believed to have prophesied from about 592 to 570 B.C., almost a quarter-century, between and overlapping . He resided by the river of Chebar . Bringing the Saints into the Lord's Up-to-date Vision and Move in His Recovery (CWWL, 1984, vol. He gets an up-close, interior view, and he shares it with us. The rabbis see traveling into the supernatural realm on a spiritual chariot to communicate directly with God so risky that the Talmud restricts study of these texts to only the most worthy sages. Through it all, God's powerful acts of justice and promises of undeserved covenant blessing display his heart for us to know and adore. The Interpreter's Bible: The Holy Scriptures in the King James and Revised Standard Versions with General Articles and Introduction, Exegesis, Exposition for Each Book of the Bible. In Ezekiel, you see that God uses every part of Himself to draw His people back to Him, almost in an underlying message to say, Please come back to Me, I just love you so much and I miss you. Jeremiah. Ezekiel glimpses the interior of the throne room because Yahweh is about to invite him to take his place among the living creatures. As much as I knew this before, I think it is far too easy to assume that because you may not visually see God doing and working things out in your life, that He does not care or exist. The messages he received from God were intense and different than other prophets of Israel. Father! The Ruach Himself bears witness with our spirit that we are children of God, and if children, then heirs heirs of God and fellow heirs with Mashiach (Romans 8:1517), In all these things we are more than conquerors through him who loved us. (Romans 8:37). In T. Longman III & D. E. Garland (Eds. . For I will take you out of the nations; I will gather you from all the countries and bring you back into your own land. This last section has extreme detail of the temple and how it should be built. Weve shifted from What if they have fun without me? to What If I commit now and regret it later?, On My Shelf: Life and Books with Peter Leithart, Why Kings Sing: A Biblical Theology of Monarchs and Music, The Ten Commandments Make Life . When the Philistines destroyed the tabernacle at Shiloh, they took Yahwehs ark back home as a war trophy, where Yahweh made war on Israels enemies (1 Sam. [16] While the book exhibits considerable unity and probably reflects much of the historic Ezekiel, it is the product of a long and complex history and does not necessarily preserve the very words of the prophet. 1:21). [17], The Jewish scriptures were translated into Greek in the two centuries prior to the Common Era. 3. In this passage, Ezekiel also finds evidence of the worship of the Babylonian deity Tammus (8:14) and of the sun god (8:16). Therefore say to the Israelites, This is what the Sovereign Lord says: It is not for your sake, people of Israel, that I am going to do these things, but for the sake of My holy name, which you have profaned among the nations where you have gone. He can respond to his peoples sin by leaving his sanctuary in Israel, and he can graciously condescend to visit his exiled children in Babylon. Before the physical restoration can take place, there must be a renewal of faith. The Greek (Septuagint) version[18] of Ezekiel differs slightly from the Hebrew (Masoretic) version[19] it is about 8 verses shorter (out of 1,272)[20] and possibly represents an earlier transmission of the book we have today (according to the masoretic tradition) while other ancient manuscript fragments differ from both. initiative, where were encouraging Christians and churches to read together through Gods Word in a year. [8] This last statement is incredible. This is the heart of the vision. Ezekiel was obedient to the visions and listened to Gods voice and what He instructed him to do, no matter what the consequence was or how strange, terrifying, weird the message may have been for Israel. Ezekiel's Vision of God | Reformed Bible Studies & Devotionals at Ligonier.org | Reformed Bible Studies & Devotionals at Ligonier.org Although the term holy is not used in Ezekiel 1, the entire vision conveys the reality of the Lord's transcendence, His "set-apartness" as the Creator and ruler Ezekiel's commission would last for some 22 years and involve some challenging assignments. , , Download. (Photo by Greg Hirson). This is not for her sake alone, but to make sure the nations do finally see that He is the one, true, holy and sovereign God of the universe. Hes the living chariot of God, come from heaven to live among exiles, his face shining with the light of Gods glory. The book of Ezekiel opens up with a vision that is quite startling in itself. To the right of the man face is the lion face, facing west, and to the left is the bull face, turned east. 7:24. The prophet is so overcome by the vision that he falls on his face. Zimmerli traces the process by which Ezekiel's oracles were delivered orally and transformed into a written text by the prophet and his followers through a process of ongoing re-writing and re-interpretation. First, you shall live. 2:1, 3, 8; 3:1, 3, 4, 10; etc.). The throne vision Chapter 1 Chapter 4 2. 2532 teach that the nations likewise will know God through his judgments; and chs. However, as mentioned above, he was a faithful servant. Comparing his vision to Babylonian iconography reveals that Ezekiel saw a divine "throne chariot" of the heavenswidely described in the ancient biblical world. 46). . Ezekiel, was a great man of God and very faithful to Him. The key point, though, is the wheels themselves, which indicate that this cloud is also a chariotYahwehs chariot that was usually parked in the Most Holy Place of the temple (cf. Because Ezekiel can feel the Lords heart towards Israel, being so fully devoted to God, it allows the Father to take control of Ezekiels heart and reveal incredible love to him. And centuries later, the heavens split open again as another prophet, another Son of Man, is commissioned at the age of 30 to see visions of God (Luke 3:21-24; cf. com/niv/study-bible/ezekiel/ accessed March 8th, 2013. number: 206095338, E-mail us: The book being opened Chapters 2-3 . Ezekiel 2:1-7 (ESV) Sometimes God calls us into a difficult situation. This Temple is associated with the coming Messianic Age. 1:12 ), and we know which direction. Judgment concerning the idolatrous Israelites (Ezekiel 6, 3-7), published 1886 Judgment of the Lord concerning the idolatrous Israelites (Ezekiel 6, 3-7). Old Testament Overviews. Daniel 1:17. Ezekiel was a prophet who ministered to the nation Israel during the Babylonian captivity (606-536 B.C.). 2). But the heavens open to welcome Ezekiel, the son of man (Ezek. [29], Ezekiel's imagery provided much of the basis for the Second Temple mystical tradition in which the visionary ascended through the Seven Heavens in order to experience the presence of God and understand His actions and intentions. [34], The Visionary Ezekiel Temple plan drawn by the 19th-century French architect and Bible scholar Charles Chipiez, The Vision of The Valley of The Dry Bones by Gustave Dor, 1866, Ezekiel's Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones by Maerten de Vos, c. 1600, Ezekiel's Vision of the Valley of Dry Bones by Quentin Metsys the Younger, c. 1589, Second Temple and rabbinic Judaism (c. 515 BCE500 CE), Biblia Hebraica Stuttgartensia, 1937. pp811-894, Rape in the Hebrew Bible Ezekiel 16 and 23, "How many verses are in the book of Ezekiel? Can an utterly rebellious nation against God be redeemed? Take part in TGCs Read the Bible initiative, where were encouraging Christians and churches to read together through Gods Word in a year. Whatever happens, we must be devoted to the word of God. A Vision of The Glory of the Lord - and Ezekiel's Call (chapters 1 - 3) Words can barely encapsulate the vision Ezekiel saw. Ezekiel had his vision in Babylon as one of the captive exiles ( Ezek 1:1-3 ). Are these. One of the most popular references is found in Daniel 10:5-6. When he heard from the Lord that he was going to be going to a rebellious nation, the Lord instructed him to speak that the nation was going to fall if they did not change their ways. If He does choose, it is based on goodness, The description of the Book of Revelation as the strangest book of the New Testament could be the reason for the general neglect that is afforded it today. Ezekiel's Vision of God. In the Old Testament, God chose very specific people to give His message to Israel. Little did I know when I began reading this text that it would so completely satisfy two of my greatest pleasures; studying the Word of God and studying peoples history., reason except that is who He wanted. [1] This was Ezekiels reaction of the vision God imparted to him. Notice the sequence of promised event. The angelic guide is still with Ezekiel and will continue to explain and instruct him in the law of the temple, but at this point there is a special word from the Lord out of the temple, which is virtually a statement of consecration. We might conclude that Israel is a cherubic nation, called to stand watch at the house of God, just as cherubim were stationed at the gate of Eden (Gen. 3:24). It doesnt take Ezekiel up to heaven; it brings heaven to earth. The first major vision can be found in Ezekiel 1:4-28. 1 Now it came to pass in the thirtieth year, in the fourth month, in the fifth day of the month, as I was among the captives by the river of Chebar, that the heavens were opened, and I saw visions of God.. 2 In the fifth day of the month, which was the fifth year of king Jehoiachin's captivity,. A long passage with much detail, Ezekiel describes his first word from the Lord. Yet the glory isnt in the temple. 1:22), and above the expanse, Ezekiel sees a lapis lazuli throne, occupied by a figure like a man made of fire and metal (Ezek. In the visions of God brought he me into the land of Israel, and set me upon a very high mountain, by which was as the frame of a city on the south. This captivity would be followed by a prophesied second captivity in 586 BC when Nebuchadnezzar fully destroyed Solomons Temple and besieged Jerusalem. 78:23; Mal. Hes both commissioned prophet and commissioning glory, both Son of Man and the fiery One who sits on Yahwehs throne in the midst of the living creatures. 3-28 Ezekiel has the most profound vision of the glory of God. Furthermore, the Lord gives instructions to Ezekiel to tell the Israelites that it is time to rebuild Gods house. Each cherub has four facesthe face of a bull, a lion, an eagle, and a man (Ezek. Ezekiel sees the glory Moses and Solomon saw, but Ezekiel doesnt sees it on Sinai, at Shiloh, or in Jerusalem. database? [2] This issue of idolatry is not just a new problem for Israel. Gods wrath and judgment against His unfaithful bride is not the only theme in Ezekiel. Hes both commissioned prophet and commissioning glory, both Son of Man and the fiery One who sits on Yahwehs throne in the midst of the living creatures. With Ezekiel, God did not force Israel to listen, He gave the option and they had to choose. A voice calls to him, saying "Son of man, I am sending you to the Israelites, to a rebellious nation that . Together, the creatures and the wheels form Yahwehs mobile palanquin. I miss you Israel, I just want to be with you again, I want you to want Me again. Num 4:30) and in the 5th year of Jehoiachin's reign or about 593 BC.1 Ezekiel records the dates of when he received his visions throughout the book as shown in the first column in the table below. The chariot of God in Ezekiels vision represents the mobility of Gods Divine Presence. v. 1 "I saw visions of God" compare Ezekiel to the other captives who said, "By the rivers of Babylon, there we sat down, yea, we wept, when we remembered Zion" ( Psalm 137:1 ). Four living creatures appear from the whirlwind. Ezekiel was one of the prophet who were taken into exile along with King Jehoiachin. In Ezekiel, though, the movement is the opposite. They have a human form ( Ezek. Rid yourselves of all the offenses you have committed, and get a new heart and a new spirit. What dreams and visions motivate the characters of Of Mice and Men by John Steinbeck? Second, I will place you in your own land. The chariot is the original glory of God, and the world itself is modeled after the pattern of this glory. Why will you die, people of Israel? 3:10). When Ezekiel sees the vision, he falls like a dead man (Ezek. Since September 30, 2015, Russia has stationed more than 50 aircraft and helicopters across Israels northern border in Syria, including the Sukhoi Su-34 and Su-24M bombers, Su-25 attack aircraft, Su-30SM fighters and Mil Mi-8 and Mi-24 helicopters as well as Caspian Flotilla ships, according to the Russian News Agency. 1 Chron. [24] The vision in chapters 1:428 reflects common mythological/Biblical themes and the imagery of the Temple: God appears in a cloud from the north the north being the usual home of God/the gods in ancient mythology and Biblical literature with four living creatures corresponding to the two cherubim above the Mercy Seat of the Ark of the Covenant and the two in the Holy of Holies, the innermost chamber of the Temple; the burning coals of fire between the creatures perhaps represents the fire on the sacrificial altar, and the famous "wheel within a wheel" may represent the rings by which the Levites carried the Ark, or the wheels of the cart. [22], As a priest, Ezekiel is fundamentally concerned with the Kavod YHWH, a technical phrase meaning the presence (shekhinah) of YHWH (i.e., one of the Names of God) among the people, in the Tabernacle, and in the Temple, and normally translated as "glory of God". 1:2627). He received oracles from God and passed them on to . I will fall upon the quiet people who dwell securely, all of them dwelling without walls, and having no bars or gates, to seize spoil and carry off plunder [among] the people who were gathered from the nations. (38:1112). By continuing well assume youre on board with our In general this report details (1) the vision that John saw of Jesus Christ, (2) the message that Jesus Christ gave to the apostle John and (3) the future events that will take place in the last days. The Spaceships of Ezekiel (1974) is a book by Josef F. Blumrich (March 17, 1913 - February 10, 2002) about a spaceship that was supposedly observed by the prophet Ezekiel, written while the author was chief of NASA's systems layout branch of the program development office at the Marshall Space Flight Center. How interesting it must have been to be a friend of Ezekiel during that time; God speaking so clearly and so specifically about Israel, His plans for the sinners, the righteous, the enemies, anyone, and how to return to the Lord God of Israel. Did you know that we have over 70,000 essays on 3,000 topics in our In an allegorical sense, the vision of the dry bones can be seen as a kind of resurrection of our own lives in which, step by step, we learn to follow Gods guiding hand as we endeavor to right the wrongs that have accumulated in ourlives. He was exiled to Babylon in 597 BC, and his ministry began five years later when he was 30 years old. Ezekiel Sees the Glory & Receives the Call Chapter 4 -24 Judgments Against Judah Chapter 25-32 Judgments Against the Gloating Nations Chapter 33-39 Restoration of Israel to the LORD Chapter 40-48 Visions of the Temple Note that the breakpoint at Ezekiel 25 marks the end of Ezekiel's prophecies of doom and gloom for Judah. The Vision of Ezekiel by Raphael, 1518. A false religion perverts its life and threatens catastrophe. Though it was probably not his prophetic intention at the time, Ezekiel made a significant contribution to Jewish mysticism with his detailed vision of a heavenly chariot under the throne of God (1:128). Ezekiel 43:12. [24], Ezekiel depicts the destruction of Jerusalem as a purificatory sacrifice upon the altar, made necessary by the "abominations" in the Temple (the presence of idols and the worship of the god Tammuz) described in chapter 8. The heavens opened, Ezekiel tells us (Ezek. Nevertheless, as the Prophet Joel prophesied, we are seeing the Ruach HaKodesh draw His people one by one in these last days. This captivity would be followed by a prophesied second captivity in 586 BC when Nebuchadnezzar fully destroyed Solomons Temple and, shall die for his sin, and his righteous deeds that he has done shall not be remembered, but his blood I will require at your hand. Visions could vary in kind, differing in such things as length, intensity, number of symbols, and whether the vision was perceived in the spirit, as in a dream, or by the conscious physical senses. He chose them for a reason, and He wanted them to know His love like no other. But if you warn the righteous person not to sin, and he does not sin, he shall surely live, because he took warning, and you will have delivered your soul. (3:1821). 6 Ezekiel 37:25 To live forever in Israel 7 Ezekiel 38:11 Houses without lock, without gates 8 Ezekiel 43: 4 God's glory resides with the people. 1:1). In Psalm 68:17 we read that Gods chariots [rekhev] are myriads upon myriads, thousands upon thousands; the Lord is among them as in Sinai in holiness., Jewish traditions says that these chariots descended with God (on Mount Sinai) 22,000 chariots, each one like the chariot that Ezekiel saw (Midrash Tanhuma Yitro [Buber] 14). (My Jewish Learning). In this film, created for Practical Matters by independent documentary filmmaker Sonia Narang, an Indian Jewish visual artist works with a group of high school students at the SAR Academy, a modern Orthodox day school in New York City. 1:28). Turn from your idols and renounce all your detestable practices! (Ezekiel 14:6). Ezekiel describes these wheels (Ezekiel 1:15-21). God always displays His glory to Israel, yet they fail to obey Him. Turn away from all your offenses; then sin will not be your downfall. His words are so power that one of the Judean idolaters, a man named Pelatiah, falls down dead (11:13)[3] Ezekiel must not have been too pleased with that event, but he knew he needed to listen to the voice of the Lord speaking unto him. For instance, if Ezekiel did not warn a righteous person about committing iniquity, God said that person shall die for his sin, and his righteous deeds that he has done shall not be remembered, but his blood I will require at your hand. We don't know why John was exiled to Patmos, but it may have been for refusing to worship the Roman emperor Domitian, who had declared himself a god. Please click below to LIKE our Bibles For Israel Facebook page, so that others can know about our Free Bible, and receive Breaking News, Bible Teachings and Feature Articles from the Holy Land. We may be tempted to think that David-plus-three-mighty-men form a human replica of the glory, and then we might recall that Jesus, the son of David, also has his three: Peter, James, and John. And their appearance and their workmanship was like a wheel . He is specifically mentioned by Ben Sirah (a writer of the Hellenistic period who listed the "great sages" of Israel) and 4 Maccabees (1st century CE). Some of these consist of Ezekiel eating the scroll that God gave him to eat (3:1-3), sleeping on his side symbolizing the sin of the ouse of Israel (4:4) , shaving, burning and scattering his hair (5:1-17) packing his belongings and leaving for exile as a sign to the prince of Jerusalem (12:1-16). 1:6) and four wings (Ezek. A further deportation of Jews from Jerusalem to Babylon occurred in 586 when a second unsuccessful rebellion resulted in the destruction of the city and its Temple and the exile of the remaining elements of the royal court, including the last scribes and priests. In the New Revised Standard Version of the Bible and in all other English Bibles, the book follows on from the Song of Solomon or Song of Songs. This essay was written by a fellow student. The haftarah for the first day of Shavuot is of the most hallowed portions of the Bible. The prophet gift was in his dreams and then he reveal them as it were given to him. Sometimes He may make no sense and it can be very scary, but just as Jesus says in John 10:27, "My sheep hear My voice, and I know them, and they follow Me; When ones heart is devoted to God, he can be sure that the Lord will direct his steps. Yahwehs original glory includes four four-faced cherubim, each face turned in a unique direction. The Visions of Ezekiel. The body of Amasis' mummified flesh was burned, and the ashes were spread on the mountains where it was cremated. When Yahweh sends Israel into exile, he packs up and heads into exile with them. Ezekiel encountered God through extraordinary visions full of metaphor and symbology that have produced much speculation over the millennia, yet God also conveyed His message to the People of Israel through Ezekiel very clearly: "Repent! Approximately 65 occurrences of the clause (or variations) Then they will know that I am the Lord testify to that divine desire and intention (see note on 6:7). Later, the same glory filled Solomons temple, consecrating the Lords house (1 Kings 8:11). 78:23; Mal. Sadly, only a small percentage of the worlds population seems to realize that it is God who has done these great things. Ezekiel unashamedly spoke the truth to Israel about their sin, their captivity and how the people could be redeemed from it. (Jewish Israel). In the 1st century CE the historian Josephus said that the prophet wrote two books: he may have had in mind the Apocryphon of Ezekiel, a 1st-century CE text that expands on the doctrine of resurrection. It does not matter how awful we are, how many times we walk away thinking that we can do a better job at running our life than He can, how many times we break His heart, it is His desire to be with us, even if that means us leaving Him a hundred times, His love will draw us back a hundred and one times. In a couple passages above, the writer talks about the word ruach being used. 9. And he said unto me, Son of man, stand upon thy feet and I will speak unto thee. The student is to summarize Youngbloods basic approach to the OT and, in this process, reflect on the way in which the story develops through each of the topics outlined in his work (identify the relationship between the different topics)., Ch. As God gives this message to His people, through Ezekiel, I think that Ezekiel also senses this great love for a disobedient people. His most recent book is a commentary on 1 & 2 Chronicles (Brazos Press, 2019). [26] The image of the valley of dry bones returning to life in chapter 37 signifies the restoration of the purified Israel. Just as human kings had chariots, so did deities. There was a vision of the valley of dry bones. [2], According to the book that bears his name, Ezekiel ben-Buzi was born into a priestly family of Jerusalem c.623BCE, during the reign of the reforming king Josiah. But the Lord would open their graves and bring them back to the land. These faces always face the same direction ( Ezek. Behold, the glory of the LORD stood there: Once again, Ezekiel had a vision similar to that which he experienced in Ezekiel 1. i. A voice from the throne revives him (Ezek. Ezekiel sees visions of Jehovah's celestial chariot and he sees visions of apostasy at the temple in Jerusalem and he also has a vision of a glorious temple vision. Because of these and other impure practices, Ezekiel declares that Yahweh will destroy the city. The Lord had descended on Sinai in a storm cloud (Ex. This book is written at a time of great strife for the region of Israel. 1:19), but the wheels are on the earth (Ezek. cite it. (Downers Grove, Ill,; Intervarsity Pr, 1969), 264, Leon J. God uses metaphor throughout chapter 16 to describe Israels wickedness as a whoring bride, but these sinful acts are not metaphors.
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