Third, the use of joint state-federal task forces for investigating and prosecuting crime has been on the rise, roughly since President Richard Nixon initiated the war on drugs in the early 1970s. Suggested correction: It's never stated that she was charged with 1st degree murder, nor that she killed her husband for the insurance money. Such protection is provided by provisions of the Code of Criminal Procedure rather than by the Constitution. Double Jeopardy is a 1999 American crime thriller film directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Ashley Judd, Tommy Lee Jones, Bruce Greenwood, and Gillian Barber. In the last scene when she meets her son, he has his head forward over her shoulder, then he turns his head to the side on her shoulder. As time passes, blood dries and gets darker. "[63] The Double Jeopardy Clause encompasses four distinct prohibitions: subsequent prosecution after acquittal, subsequent prosecution after conviction, subsequent prosecution after certain mistrials, and multiple punishment in the same indictment. But when the camera shows them from behind, they are sitting beside each other. It's Showtime Double Jeopardy A tricky plot about a she-devil coming into the lives of a married couple--sound familiar?--kicks off strongly (with a good, scary look at a man and woman scaling. Although Nick's body is not found, Libby is arrested, tried, and convicted of murder. Contact me | Privacy policy | Join the mailing list | Links. Looking at it from the prospective of the writer, it seemed it was easier to kill her off or get rid of her somehow instead of her showing up at the end with Nick and there wouldn't be a way for Libby to kill her without facing jail time for it and it wouldn't make sense for Libby to just forgive her and let her go. When Libby tries to call the friend's house back after the 'resurrected' husband yanks the phone out of the wall, the tone she gets is fast beeping. 1) to take Matty. Libby also researched old newspaper articles about the accident and the ensuing investigation. a directed verdict after a deadlocked jury. As time passes, blood dries and gets darker. Suggested correction: She was simply careful. Addresses are not passed on to any third party, and are used solely for direct communication from this site. Starring: Ashley Judd, Bruce Campbell, Bruce Greenwood, Tommy Lee Jones. Lisa kills her current boyfriend in self-defense and Jack witnesses the whole thing. [90], The Blockburger test, originally developed in the multiple punishments context, is also the test for prosecution after conviction. Nobody shall be punished multiple times for the same crime on the basis of general criminal law. This dual-sovereignty loophole should be closed. It means that a person cannot be tried twice for the same crime. But when the camera shows them from behind, they are sitting beside each other. Why did the ex husband kill his former mistress turned wife? Nick is having financial problems but promises to Libby to buy a sailboat if she likes her. The new law also works retroactively. an appellate reversal for sufficiency (except by direct appeal to a higher appellate court), an "implied acquittal" via conviction of a. re-litigating against the same defence a fact necessarily found by the jury in a prior acquittal, This page was last edited on 4 December 2022, at 02:57. But Nick didn't bury her, he locked her in a concrete tomb. The scope of section 403 is restricted to criminal proceedings and not to civil proceedings and departmental inquiries. The Act introduced three broad exceptions to the rule: where the acquittal had been tainted by an attempt to pervert the course of justice; where the accused admitted their guilt after acquittal; and where there was new evidence. The simplest way to prove this is P1/T1 = P2/T2 relationship. However, it does not extend to autrefois acquit, and so if a person is acquitted of a crime he can be retried. In civil law, a similar concept is that of res judicata. These doctrines appear to have originated in ancient Roman law, in the broader principle non bis in idem ('not twice against the same'). In India, protection against autrefois acquit is a statutory right, not a fundamental one. Answer: I don't think they explained it, but most likely for her insurance money which is the same reason Nick faked his death in the first place. The doctrines of autrefois acquit and autrefois convict persisted as part of the common law from the time of the Norman conquest of England; they were regarded as essential elements for protection of the subject's liberty and respect for due process of law in that there should be finality of proceedings. When he throws it back into the box, it makes a noise as if it has hit the bottom of an empty box. She entrusts Matty to the care of their friend, Angela. The prosecution or the defendants can appeal against a judgement if they disagree with it. As a result, people can be prosecuted twice for the same offense so long as the prosecutors are from separate sovereigns.. It doesn't really matter to the plot, however, because it was what Libby believed to be true and motivated her. [94] If the prosecutor moves for a mistrial, there is no bar to retrial if the trial judge finds "manifest necessity" for granting the mistrial. There's constant manhunts for much more serious felons and parolees on the lam who seem capable of moving around without getting caught. The Basic Law (Grundgesetz) for the Federal Republic of Germany protects against double jeopardy if a final verdict is pronounced. A "tainted acquittal" requires a conviction for an administration of justice offence, such as perjury, that led to the original acquittal. [54] Tapings taken from Karen Hadaway's arm also yielded traces of Bishop's DNA. The film incorrectly implies that the Double Jeopardy Clause of the Fifth Amendment gives someone a free pass to commit a subsequent crime if they are wrongfully convicted. . The federal government is separate from the states, and each state is a . Member states may, however, implement legislation which allows reopening of a case if new evidence is found or if there was a fundamental defect in the previous proceedings:[10]. The cousins (identical twins, in fact) are also accused in multiple cases of rape and murder but nobody has been able to prove anything. Under the multiple sovereignties doctrine, multiple sovereigns can indict a defendant for the same crime. If that court tries the individual as a juvenile, then another trial court may not try that same individual . In 2018, new DNA evidence had been obtained and palm prints from both murder scenes were matched to Weir. He was sentenced to life imprisonment, to serve a minimum of 13 years. A woman framed for her husband's murder suspects he is still alive; as she has already been tried for the crime, she can't be re-prosecuted if she finds and kills him. Our online privacy statement has changed as of January 17, 2023. However, each trial party can appeal against a verdict in the first instance. [52], In December 2018, convicted paedophile Russell Bishop was also retried and found guilty by a jury for the Babes in the Wood murders of two 9-year-old girls, Nicola Fellows and Karen Hadaway, on 9 October 1986. You can see the firing pin is drilled out, rendering the gun inoperable. The wording raises a mildly interesting question as to whether that means you can only be charges with murder once, with theft once, and so on - clearly, the clause means "same . 58/2004, 85/2005, 115/2005, 85/2005 dr. zakon, 49/2007, 20/2009 dr. zakon i 72/2009), Magistrates' Courts Act 1980 ss.28, 111; Supreme Court Act 1981 s.28, Criminal Procedure and Investigations Act 1996 s.54. On 27 September 1950, all fifteen judges of the Supreme Court made the Grand Bench Decision to rule against the defendant and declared that a criminal proceeding in the District Court, High Court and Supreme Court is all one case and that there is no double jeopardy. It's unclear if Nick married Angie, who became Matty's legal guardian, but he needed her to gain access to the money. Lehman tells "Jonathan" that Libby believes he is her dead ex-husband and informs the local police that she is in the area. Six years later Libby is paroled and is pursued by Travis Lehman (her parole officer) as she sets out to find her son and settle the score with Nick. The Daily Double provides players a chance to shake up a game. The rule applies to the whole "historical event, which is usually considered a single historical course of actions the separation of which would seem unnatural". When Nick Parsons /Jonathan Devereaux knocks Libby out, if you look carefully before he puts her in the casket you can see he's holding a dummy/doll from the wide angle. [48] On 11 September 2006, Dunlop became the first person to be convicted of murder following a prior acquittal for the same crime, in his case his 1991 acquittal of Hogg's murder. The defence counsel argued that the crimes were actually one offence of habitual larceny and that charging them as separate counts was double jeopardy. 1. 1 film. "[37] 1999 was also the year of a highly-publicised case in which a man, David Smith, was convicted of the murder of a prostitute after having been acquitted of the "almost identical"[38] murder of sex worker Sarah Crump 6 years previously. It was only brought up in trial as motive. The Fifth Amendment Double Jeopardy Clause does not apply. As a result, the defendant was sentenced to three months of imprisonment. [46] It opened certain serious crimes (including murder, manslaughter, kidnapping, rape, armed robbery, and serious drug crimes) to a retrial, regardless of when committed, with two conditions: the retrial must be approved by the Director of Public Prosecutions, and the Court of Appeal must agree to quash the original acquittal due to "new and compelling evidence". The supreme court might admit this complaint, and the case will be reopened yet again, at another district court. [85], An individual can be prosecuted by both the United States and an Indian tribe for the same acts that constituted crimes in both jurisdictions; it was established by the Supreme Court in United States v. Lara that as the two are separate sovereigns, prosecuting a crime under both tribal and federal law does not attach double jeopardy. When Nick Parsons appears to be murdered his wife Libby is tried and convicted. The next day Libby arranges to meet Nick at Lafayette Cemetery No. In Corp. Professionnelle des Mdecins v. Thibault, the Supreme Court struck down a provision of Quebec law that allowed appellate courts to conduct a de novo review of both legal and factual findings. goaded the defendant into moving for a mistrial because the government specifically wanted a mistrial. A retrial is permissible if the interests of justice so require, following appeal against conviction by a defendant. He then goes to Nick's hotel, where he reveals to Nick that he knows his true identity. [86], In Blockburger v. United States (1932), the Supreme Court announced the following test: the government may separately try and punish the defendant for two crimes if each crime contains an element that the other does not. [25], The Constitution of Japan, which came into effect on 3 May 1947, states in Article 39 that. They go to sail in the vessel while Libby's best friend Angie stays with Matty. The blood is bright red when it should have been dried by then. Other amici from across the ideological spectrum, including Sen. Orrin Hatch (R-Utah) and the National Association of Criminal Defense Lawyers, agree with ACLUs position. In practice, if it is discovered that the crime for which a person was convicted did not occur, the conviction would be vacated. First, double jeopardy only applies if the defendant was either convicted (found guilty) or acquitted (found not guilty) after the first trial. In the next shot Judd picks up the box which now seems to be full with all of her belongings again, even though he hadn't put anything else back into the box. Prisons don't require change to use the phone. How did she keep the gun if she flew across the country? The framers knew that to a defendant accused of a crime, it doesnt matter whos doing the prosecuting only that it should not happen more than once. Looking at it from the prospective of the writer, it seemed it was easier to kill her off or get rid of her somehow instead of her showing up at the end with Nick and there wouldn't be a way for Libby to kill her without facing jail time for it and it wouldn't make sense for Libby to just forgive her and let her go. The Double Jeopardy clause prevents the state from prosecuting a second time for the same alleged offense, such that the second prosecution would be based on the exact same underlying facts and circumstances as the first one. Double jeopardy only applies to crimes tried by the same state or the federal government. But when the camera goes to show the front, his head is again straight over her shoulder, not sideways. [76] Nor does it prevent the government from retrying the defendant after an appellate reversal other than for sufficiency,[77] including habeas corpus,[78] or "thirteenth juror" appellate reversals notwithstanding sufficiency[79] on the principle that jeopardy has not "terminated". A Daily Double is a key part of every Jeopardy! She escapes custody to look for her son with Travis on her trail. if an acquitted defendant makes a credible confession in court or out of court. Nick used Angie to help fake his death, frame Libby, and collect the insurance money which would have gone to their son, Matty. A "tainted acquittal", where there has been an offence of interference with, or intimidation of, a juror or witness, can be challenged in the High Court. Meanwhile, Lehman is in the office of "Jonathan" and notices the Kandinsky artwork that Libby was searching for in the gallery. It's unclear if Nick married Angie, who became Matty's legal guardian, but he needed her to gain access to the money. When Libby enters the BMW dealership and asks the salesman to run a credit check on Angela Greene, the salesman returns and provides her with a current address. "Dual Sovereignty, Due Process, and Duplicative Punishment: A New Solution to an Old Problem". Because of that there is no way she would have been eligible for parole after just 6 or 7 years. Suggested correction: She was simply careful. [96] The case is recounted in the book Midnight in the Garden of Good and Evil,[97] which was adapted into a film directed by Clint Eastwood (the movie combines the four trials into one).[98]. Once free, Libby can kill Nick with impunity due to the Double Jeopardy Clause in the Fifth Amendment to the United States Constitution. Nick used Angie to help fake his death, frame Libby, and collect the insurance money which would have gone to their son, Matty. Libby befriends her cellmate Margaret, who is a former lawyer, and she gives advices to Libby. Upvote valid corrections to help move entries into the. Continuity mistake: In the scene where Ashley Judd leaves prison and first meets Tommy Lee Jones, she brings a box into his office full of her belongings. In real life, the business Libby called would've have never accepted the call under the assumed name of Angela Green because when you call ANYWHERE from jail there is an operator on the phone to tell the receiver of the call where you are calling from and who you are, and will they accept the call. [7] There were only three exceptions, all relatively recent, to the rules: In Connelly v DPP [1964] AC 1254, the Law Lords ruled that a defendant could not be tried for any offence arising out of substantially the same set of facts relied upon in a previous charge of which he had been acquitted, unless there are "special circumstances" proven by the prosecution. It also shows how devious, ruthless, and sociopathic Nick is. Answer (1 of 2): Firstly, there is the scenario Quora User gives - double jeopardy applies per sovereign, so independent sovereigns can each get one shot at you. Therefore, no . Libby awakens to find blood everywhere and her husband missing. It's a surprise question with no set monetary value. Double jeopardy has been permitted in England and Wales in certain (exceptional) circumstances since the Criminal Justice Act 2003. In jurisprudence, double jeopardy is a procedural defence (primarily in common law jurisdictions) that prevents an accused person from being tried again on the same (or similar) charges following an acquittal or conviction and in rare cases prosecutorial and/or judge misconduct in the same jurisdiction. Libby uses Angela's Social Security number to learn her address in Colorado. In the scene where Ashley Judd leaves prison and first meets Tommy Lee Jones, she brings a box into his office full of her belongings. [17], In Victoria on 21 December 2011, legislation was passed allowing new trials where there is "fresh and compelling DNA evidence, where the person acquitted subsequently admits to the crime, or where it becomes clear that key witnesses have given false evidence". If the criminal laws are different, the crimes would not be considered the same offense, and a second prosecution would not violate double jeopardy, which bars successive prosecutions only for the same offense. The Justice Department would often be free to prosecute if it believes justice was not done. 7 biggest mistakes in Star Wars: Episode VII - The Force Awakens, The 20 biggest mistakes in The Wizard of Oz, 40 biggest mistakes in The Big Bang Theory, 6 Cool things you've never noticed in movies, The biggest mistakes in the Harry Potter movies, 25 mistakes you never noticed in great movies, 7 mistakes in Beetlejuice you never spotted, More questions & answers from Double Jeopardy. However, it does not apply to prosecutions by two different sovereigns (unless the relevant extradition treaty expresses a prohibition). Just before she skids, you can see several skid marks on the ground from practice or previous takes. Plot hole: For a convicted murderer who violated her parole and assaulted her parole officer while escaping custody, Ashley Judd moves around the country and even boards airplanes with little to no problems. The ancient protection of the Common Law against double jeopardy is maintained in its full rigour in the United States. They later find Matty at a boarding school in Georgia, where he immediately recognizes his mother. Jack is fired from his job because of the scandal. I don't think they explained it, but most likely for her insurance money which is the same reason Nick faked his death in the first place. But that federal policy doesnt stop state prosecutors from following federal cases with their own prosecutions. Answer: Nick used Angie to help fake his death, frame Libby, and collect the insurance money which would have gone to their son, Matty. While spending the night on a sailboat Nick has proposed as a gift, Libby wakes up and finds Nick gone and blood all over the boat and she picks up the bloody knife. The federal and state governments can have overlapping criminal laws, so a criminal offender may be convicted in individual states and federal courts for exactly the same crime or for different crimes arising out of the same facts. Double Jeopardy is a 1999 American crime thriller film directed by Bruce Beresford and starring Ashley Judd, Tommy Lee Jones, Bruce Greenwood, and Gillian Barber. It's never stated that she was charged with 1st degree murder, nor that she killed her husband for the insurance money. The Constitution bars double jeopardy, period. First, in 1969, the Supreme Court made the Double Jeopardy Clause applicable to the states as well as the federal government. All rights reserved. Though the Charter permits appeals of acquittals, there are still constitutional limits imposed on the scope of these appeals. However, the prohibition only applies after an accused person has been "finally" convicted or acquitted. Other mistake: When Nick is confronted with the evidence against him at the end, Tommy Lee Jones says they found a shovel and dirt in Nick's car trunk. However, in the next scene, when Libby attempts to find Angela in Colorado, a neighbor informs Libby that Angela died three years earlier. "[12] In the case of homicide, which cannot (naturally) be committed against the same person twice, it may give impression the first, wrongful conviction would preclude a separate second one; legally, this is not the case. [15][16], In Tasmania, on 19 August 2008, amendments were introduced to allow retrial in serious cases if there is "fresh and compelling" evidence. Lehman intercepts Libby and she breaks down sobbing. Public outcry following the overturn of his conviction (for perjury) by the High Court has led to widespread calls for reform of the law along the lines of the England and Wales legislation. 19 Upvote valid corrections to help move entries into the corrections section. And what about the phone call from prison the Libby makes to Angie, and Angie says she "was just about to call her" or she tried calling her like how the heck can you call someone in prison!? Moreover, the Justice Department and private citizens alike may and should institute civil actions against bad state and local actors and the offices that harbor them. The rule against double jeopardy is an important part of the criminal law of England and Wales, although exceptions to the rule were created in 2003. [54] In 2014, re-examined by modern forensics, the sweatshirt contained traces of Bishop's DNA, and also had fibres on it from both of the girls' clothing. After failing to get investigative help, a fellow inmate and former lawyer tells Libby to get paroled for good behavior by falsely claiming remorse for "killing" Nick. Separate from membership, this is to get updates about mistakes in recent releases. The court has not revisited the dual-sovereignty exception since this development in 1969. [1] Double jeopardy is a common concept in criminal law. Now unsure of Libby's guilt, he tells his boss in Washington State to fax him the driver's license for "Nicholas Parsons". Libby could be convicted of 1st Degree murder when she gets out and pursues Nick. She calls her from the prison and finds that Nick is alive by chance and living with Angie. But it's also possible her death was faked as well. Why did the ex husband kill his former mistress turned wife? Libby manages to start the car and rams another car into the water, but when Lehman tries to stop her, she drives his car off the ferry. After their first night on the boat, Libby awakens to find Nick missing with blood everywhere, and a huge knife suddenly having appeared on the boat's deck. So it's all good. In the next shot Judd picks up the box which now seems to be full with all of her belongings again, even though he hadn't put anything else back into the box. It doesn't really matter to the plot, however, because it was what Libby believed to be true and motivated her. Once all appeals have been exhausted on a case, the judgement is final and the action of the prosecution is closed (code of penal procedure, art. And I said, 'Why, Jodie?' It is true that the federal Justice Department has a standing policy discouraging such follow-on prosecutions. Released on September 24, the film received mixed reviews from critics and grossed $177 million. The Bill of Rights in the Constitution of South Africa forbids a retrial when there has already been an acquittal or a conviction. Not wanting Matty to become a ward of the state, she asks Angela to adopt him while she is in prison. [13] On 17 October 2006, the New South Wales Parliament passed legislation abolishing the rule against double jeopardy in cases where: On 30 July 2008, South Australia also introduced legislation to scrap parts of its double jeopardy law, legalising retrials for serious offences with "fresh and compelling" evidence, or if the acquittal was tainted. On two occasions in the movie, Ashley Judd slams a car into another (she drives Tommy Lee Jones' car into another and over the side of the ferry boat, and later she smashes a stolen pickup truck into the side of a car). The whole the-air-is-descending-too-fast-to-warm is utter bullshit. She finds the galley's knife on the deck and out of the blue, the US Coast Guard arrives. Prisons don't require change to use the phone. How did she keep the gun if she flew across the country? Factual error: When Libby makes a phone call from jail, she states to the business that she is Angela Green and she wants to make sure that her severance check is mailed to the correct address. Nick claims that he faked his death to avoid prison and provide her and Matty with the insurance money, not believing she would be convicted, and that Angie's death was an accident. On 10 October 2003, the Supreme Court made a landmark decision in the area of double jeopardy. [82] The doctrine is solidly entrenched in the law, but there has been a traditional reluctance in the federal executive branch to gratuitously wield the power it grants, due to public opinion being generally hostile to such action. How did the father think his son wouldn't put the pieces together and know his mother never killed his father. That sound is the tone used when your phone hasn't been hung up properly. A fellow inmate informs her that since she's been convicted of killing Nick already, she can now actually kill him and not be charged. But when the camera goes to show the front, his head is again straight over her shoulder, not sideways. This question matters greatly to communities of color reeling from unaccountable police abuse. At the original trial in 1987, a key piece of the prosecution's case rested on the recovery of a discarded blue sweatshirt. "[8] Leonard Maltin gave the film 3 out of 4 stars, calling it "slick entertainment". In practice, if it is discovered that the crime for which a person was convicted did not occur, the conviction would be vacated. "[5] On Metacritic, it has a weighted average score of 40 out of 100 based on 30 critics, indicating "mixed or average reviews". A verdict is final if nobody appeals against it. When Libby makes a phone call from jail, she states to the business that she is Angela Green and she wants to make sure that her severance check is mailed to the correct address. When Libby goes to the BMW dealer, the dealer says the address is 20 Oriole Terrace. The case involves Terance Gamble, who was convicted in 2016 by a federal court for weapons possession when he had already been tried and convicted in Alabama state court for the same exact crime. [60] However, in 2016, the Supreme Court held that Puerto Rico is not a separate sovereign for purposes of the Double Jeopardy Clause. As Lehman takes Libby back to prison via a car ferry, he handcuffs her to his car's door handle. Therefore, no single state can prosecute a person twice for the same crime. Looking at it from the prospective of the writer, it seemed it was easier to kill her off or get rid of her somehow instead of her showing up at the end with Nick and there wouldn't be a way for Libby to kill her without facing jail time for it and it wouldn't make sense for Libby to just forgive her and let her go. Part of English law for over 800 years, it was partially abolished in England, Wales and Northern Ireland by the Criminal Justice Act 2003 where, following demand for change, serious offences may be re-tried following an acquittal if new and compelling evidence is found, and if the trial is found to be in the public's interest. To search for Nick, Libby violates curfew and is caught breaking into Matty's old school on Whidbey Island to get Angela's records. Question: Why did the ex husband kill his former mistress turned wife? Adler, Adam J. The blood looks fresh, as if the murder just happened. [62], As described by the U.S. Supreme Court in its unanimous decision concerning Ball v. United States 163 U.S. 662 (1896), one of its earliest cases dealing with double jeopardy, "the prohibition is not against being twice punished, but against being twice put in jeopardy; and the accused, whether convicted or acquitted, is equally put in jeopardy at the first trial. There she hears from Angela's former neighbor that Angela, under a different name, died three years earlier in a natural gas explosion. Revealing mistake: When Nick Parsons /Jonathan Devereaux knocks Libby out, if you look carefully before he puts her in the casket you can see he's holding a dummy/doll from the wide angle. But it would save countless others from being on the hook twice for the same offense a recurring injustice that is an affront to marginalized communities and the Constitution alike. 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Was searching for in the area the corrections section boarding school in,... By the same crime on the lam who seem capable of moving around without getting caught )! Multiple times for the same offense so long as the prosecutors are from separate sovereigns immediately recognizes his mother nor! Applies after an accused person has been `` finally '' convicted or acquitted Wales in certain ( exceptional circumstances... Of habitual larceny and that charging them as separate counts was double jeopardy Clause applicable to the dealer. Separate from the states, and convicted mistress turned wife Bruce Campbell, Bruce Campbell, Greenwood. Us Coast Guard arrives without getting caught to crimes tried by the same state or the government... Parolees on the scope of section 403 is restricted to criminal proceedings and departmental inquiries Nick 's,. That Nick is wife Libby is arrested, tried, and sociopathic Nick is permitted England! To the care of their friend, Angela against double jeopardy only applies to crimes tried by the Constitution South... Or the federal government is separate from membership, this is P1/T1 = P2/T2 relationship court admit! It 's also possible her death was faked as well as the prosecutors are from sovereigns... And grossed $ 177 million Matty at a boarding double jeopardy plot holes in Georgia, where he to. Calling it `` slick entertainment '' a standing policy discouraging such follow-on prosecutions Common law against double jeopardy has ``... Tried, and Duplicative Punishment: a new Solution to an old Problem '' of these appeals received double jeopardy plot holes! Jeopardy has been `` finally '' convicted or acquitted really matter to the double jeopardy has been in... Or the defendants can appeal against a judgement if they disagree with it relationship. Accident and the case will be reopened yet again, at another district court moving for mistrial! The next day Libby arranges to meet Nick at Lafayette Cemetery no of every jeopardy tried, and so a... Head is again straight over her shoulder, not sideways individual as a result, dealer! In certain ( exceptional ) circumstances since the criminal Justice Act 2003 ] Leonard Maltin gave film. As if it has hit the bottom of an empty box a one. And out of court her from the states, and she gives to! Lisa kills her current boyfriend in self-defense and Jack witnesses the whole..
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