A largely unknown, hard-to-pronounce volcano erupted, grinding Europe to a halt. Int J Mass Emerg Disasters 19:117143, Gumundsson MT, Gylfason G (2005) Httumat vegna eldgosa og hlaupa fr vestanverum Mrdalsjkli og Eyjafjallajkli. In doing so, they will gain an enhanced understanding of the changing population and be in a position to adjust strategies to suit the populations needs. Another noteworthy change in the population structure of the South region is the increase in migration. They are the future who should be taking over (A-E). This is because the sweepers, who are residents of the immediate neighbourhood, are only active during a volcanic eruption. They registered in and out of the area. Subsequently, a risk map was created that assessed and identified areas around the volcano that was specifically vulnerable if another eruption was going to occur, so people won't choose to build in these . I started to explain to them what happened, why we evacuated in such a hurryI waited to see the response and get the anger but it was quite the opposite. Learn. Respondents businesses related to farming and tourism didnt fare as well. The questionnaire included 92 open and closed response questions compiled into the following 10 sections, which also formed the basis of the semi-structured interviews. It is therefore not surprising that people contested the location of some evacuation centres, particularly those located in low-lying regions and old flood channels. As a consequence, several evacuation orders were issued during the 2010 events via the automated phone alert system, supervised by the local Chief of Police. Residents trust in these officials has also evolved from officials listening to and developing strategies to meet the needs of the community. Conducted as a more open interview than the rigorous 2010 interviews, the 2016 interviews lasted between 17 and 57min. These figures, however, should be treated with caution. And despite the clarity of the prescribed action to evacuate, some residents received conflicting information regarding the location of their designated centre. Our results here showing an increase in perceived preparedness and decrease in perception of risk associated with damage to property and home may stem from the relatively low impacts of the Eyjafjallajkull eruptions and the fact that residents believed they coped moderately well, in general. In contrast, the local rescue team is more prominent within the community as they are active all year round. Iceland: 5.0 Km ESE of Brarbunga. This paper considers how residents might respond to future evacuation orders by examining the results of that survey against the changing demographic, economic and political structure of South Iceland. This positive experience enabled compliance with subsequent evacuation notices when the second stage of the eruption began at the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. In addition, the sweeper system was deployed. . They are providing food for the. Each quote is coded as one of the following: V-E for Vestur-Eyjafjll resident, A-E for Austur-Eyjafjll resident, S for Slheimar resident, for lftaver resident, RT for rescue team member and O for official. That would worry us. It is rare to find such a detailed study that spans the before and aftera perspective that is often unattainable due to the nature of natural hazard events. Rkislgreglustjrinn and Hsklatgfan, Reykjavk, Gumundsson MT, Hganadttir P, Kristinsson AB, Gubjrnsson S (2007) Geothermal activity in the subglacial Katla caldera, Iceland, 1999-2005, studied with radar altimetry. The regional Chief of Police and the Department of Civil Protection and Emergency Management (DCPEM) held meetings with scientists, local police and rescue teams in response to increased seismicity in and around Eyjafjallajkull in early 2010. Since then, the industry has flourished resulting in a rapid increase in employment numbers particularly since 2012corroborating the statements from officials in 2016. And we could see. Long Term. They dont seem like they are afraid or trying to get information about when the next [eruption] comes. Routledge, New York, Wood MM, Mileti DS, Kano M, Kelley MM, Regan R, Bourque LB (2012) Communicating actionable risk for terrorism and other hazards. I had a text message from the Civil Defence authorities and I said OK. And then our daughter called. These figures are approximate based on some respondents noting a range in the number of people living at that address in the questionnaire. Data collection tools are available from the lead author on request. All interviewees and respondents are graciously thanked for their willingness to participate in this study. Concern was also raised with respect to the lack of knowledge and interest among young Icelanders, with one of the residents stating that more emphasis should be placed on teaching the geography and geology of Iceland to primary school through to college students. These kin, friend and community networks not only provide an added element of warning dissemination, but also provide an additional source with whom warning-recipients can verify the legitimacy of information (Lindell and Perry, 2004). They said we feel safe at home because we know you are watching us (O). This amalgamation resulted in just one jurisdiction for South Iceland that incorporates 14 municipalities (Stjrnarr slands 2014a, 2014b) and three local Civil Protection Committees that the South Iceland Chief of Police oversees (see Fig. Describe the hazards faced by people who live close to a named volcano. As Bird et al., (2010) found, foreigners are often not aware of the fact that volcanoes lie underneath some of Icelands glaciers and as such, are not aware of jkulhlaup risk nor are they aware of the risk of lightning and poisonous gases. Specific livelihood details are not available by municipality, i.e., Statistics Iceland only provides aggregated data from the capital region and outside the capital region. We still have the sweeper system it is difficult to depend only on the mobile phones so we still have the sweeper system (O). In: Taylor A, Carson D, Ensign P, Huskey L, Rasmussen R (eds) Settlements at the edge: remote human settlements in developed nations. And more times than not, their interest is volcanoes as they remember the 2010 eruption in the summit of Eyjafjallajkull. (A-E). The research also highlights the importance of local residents knowing and sharing their stories and experiences with their neighbours. (7 marks) For a named area, describe the short-term and long-term effects of a volcanic eruption on people living in the area. Currently, concentration charts have only been adopted for operational use in Europe and the North Atlantic region, as outlined in Volcanic Ash Contingency Plan EUR and NAT Regions. To obtain Average sentiment (where 1=not at all and 5=completely) in regards to respondents perception of the levels of preparedness for a Katla eruption (n2008=19, n2010=5456). Key criteria. It can be annoying. On 20th March 2010, Eyjafjallajkull burst into life after nearly 190 years of inactivity. Springer International Publishing, Cham, Sigfsdttir ID, Thorlindsson T, Kristjnsson L, Roe KM, Allegrante JP (2009) Substance use prevention for adolescents: the Icelandic Model. hours by the crew of a Coast Guard helicopter show a 2,6 km long slow-flowing lava . Its all going very well in a way but its a huge change because the tourists have multiplied - there are a lot more tourists here than there used to be three years ago. I would like to know the national and international responses to the Icelandic Volcano eruption earlier this year. Health effects inlcude respiratory problems, eye problems, and skin irritiation. Sometimes beginning with an . The IVATF included representatives from government and industry groups involved in aviation regulation, operations, and scientific investigations. All data was entered into SurveyMonkey and exported into Microsoft Excel for analysis. However, 64% of the 52 respondents who answered questions on agricultural practices indicated they had alternate sources of income with most of these from tourism. A long-awaited eruption On March 19, the Icelandic Meteorological Office picked up a few low-frequency earthquakes that may have come from magma moving toward the surfacebut these were very . Hence, we accessed data on the total number of people employed in main and second jobs held outside the capital region and within the farming (crop and animal production, hunting and related service activities) and tourism sectors. The eruption of Eyjafjallajkull Composite map of the volcanic ash cloud spanning 20 March 2010. Of particular import to the study presented here is data pertaining to population, migration and livelihood. And of course [Eyjafjallajkull] they want to say theyve been here. Furthermore, South Icelands Hekla, Katla, Grmsvtn and Brarbunga volcanoes (Fig. On 8 June, 1783, the young country of Iceland - inhabited for less than 1,000 years - had a population of 50,000. Due to the flank eruption, residents awareness was heightened when the summit eruption began in the early hours of 14 April 2010, with many reporting they were closely monitoring earthquake activity on the Icelandic Meteorological Offices website. Following the collapse of Icelands banking system in October 2008 (Danielsson, 2009), the region has experienced an increase in international migration (growth of 2.54 between 2009 and 2016), as well as that from the capital region (growth of 1.30 between 2011 and 2016), as shown in Fig. The 2016 interviews and the preparation of this paper were supported by the Nordic Centre of Excellence for Resilience and Societal SecurityNORDRESS, which is funded by the Nordic Societal Security Programme. It would have therefore been more logical to practice it under the new police jurisdiction once it had been created (RT). These operations are coordinated through a complex network involving geologists, emergency workers, the police and rescue workers. On Friday, March 19, at around 8:45 p.m. local time, molten rock breached the surface in a valley near a flat-topped mountain named Fagradalsfjall, in the region of Geldingadalur, six miles from the nearest town. These communities were targeted due to their exposure to volcanic hazards during the 2010 eruptions/their locations in relation to Katlas jkulhlaup hazard zones (for details on the hazard zones, see Bird et al., 2011). Transcripts were analysed and coded according to the core topics of the 2010 questionnaire. . In the meantime, to ensure continued support, we are displaying the site without styles From crops to houses!! The first and foremost hazard risk that authorities focus on is jkulhlaup, as emphasised in historical accounts, the 2006 evacuation exercise, and most recent meetings. Sociol Theory 19:123, Article This optimism was frequently linked to their experience of Eyjafjallajkull. Also in response to Eyjafjallajkull's impact on air travel, ICAO formed the International Volcanic Ash Task Force (IVATF) in May 2010, charging it to examine how best to define hazardous airspace and manage aviation risk. Accessed 22 September 2018, Weinstein ND (1987) Unrealistic optimism about susceptibility to health problems: conclusions from a community-wide sample. By undertaking research within this time period, we were able to capture more detailed and accurate narratives of actions and perspectives of the decision-making process, given that intricate details of which fade with time. Evacuation plans, based on a 2005 hazard assessment (see Gumundsson and Gylfason, 2005), were finalised during this period (Bird et al., 2011). J Volcanol Geotherm Res 189:3348, Article At 9:30 p.m. on March 19, 2021 Int J Manag Decis Mak 10:164175, Bird DK, Gsladttir G, Dominey-Howes D (2009b) Resident perception of volcanic hazards and evacuation procedures. This resulted in massive impacts on air travel worldwide. We are not worried about the people living here because they know what do to, but the tourists, theres a lot of them and were afraid (O). Incandescent spatter erupted along a crack in the earth, scorching the soil as small lava fountains illuminated the dark landscape. https://www.stjornarradid.is/media/innanrikisraduneyti-media/media/frettir-2014/logreglan.pdf. The kids they can learn everything. Overall, these eruptions have prompted the aviation industry, regulators, and scientists to work more closely together to improve the manner in which hazardous airspace is defined, forecast, and communicated. long term responses. I was concerned about the horses I found it terrifying and I feared that the ash would [continue to increase in quantity] (). A few months following the eruptions, we conducted a survey to investigate how impacted residents responded to and coped with the events. While the sample size may seem small, it is a reflection of this sparsely populated rural area (as evidenced by the number of inhabitants given in Fig. That is, they may be unable to perceive worse impacts from a different scenario than that theyve already experienced (Tversky and Kahneman, 1973). Physical Geography Case Study. 1 and Bird et al., (2011)). 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